Before learning about Norton’s theorem formula, let us know the uses of Norton Theorem first.
The uses of Norton Theorem are to:
- Simplify a complex circuit into a simple equivalent circuit.
- The equivalent circuit can be used repeatedly even though the load is changed without doing calculation from the beginning.
What is Norton’s Theorem
Norton’s theorem statement is
A linear two-terminal electrical circuit can be simplified into a circuit consisting of a current source IN connected parallel with an equivalent resistance, RN with the observed terminal.
This concludes that any linear electrical circuit can be simplified into an equivalent circuit with an ideal current source in parallel with an equivalent resistor and observed terminal or element.
Norton’s theorem affirms that any linear electrical circuit is equivalent to an ideal current source in parallel with an equivalent resistor.
The purpose of this Norton analysis is to make an equivalent circuit with a current source connected parallel with its equivalent resistance.
Equation below can help us on how to find Norton current:
How to Find Norton Equivalent Circuit
Assume that we have a linear as shown below:
We can redraw the circuit above into Norton equivalent circuit example:
Our next main focus are finding the value of:
- Norton equivalent resistance (RN)
- Norton equivalent current (IN)
If you have learned about the source transformation theorem, we will know that Thevenin equivalent resistance, RTh and Norton equivalent resistance, RN are equivalent because they don’t affect the voltage-current relationship since they are used on linear circuits.
In order to calculate the Norton equivalent current IN, we calculate the current flowing through short-circuited terminal a-b.
The short-circuit current flowing from terminal a to b is short circuit current (isc) is the same with Norton equivalent current (IN). Hence,
Keep in mind that we treat the independent and dependent source the same as we do in Thevenin’s theorem. Since Thevenin and Norton are equivalent, hence
Norton’s Theorem Formula
This is basically the source transformation theorem. Because of this, source transformation is also known as Thevenin-Norton transformation. Since VTh, IN, RTh are related each other, we conclude that we need:
- Open circuit voltage across terminal a-b, voc
- Short circuit current at terminal a-b, isc
- Equivalent resistance at terminal a-b when all independent sources are turned off, RN
Using the basic Ohm’s Law we can use the equations below:
The Norton’s theorem formula is
Norton’s Current Formula
Below is the step of Norton’s current formula.
1. Find and determine terminal a-b where a parameter is observed.
2. Remove the component on that terminal, make it short circuit to the terminal a-b, and calculate the current at that point a-b (Iab=Isc=IN). This is known as I Norton or Norton equivalent current.
3. If all the sources are independent sources, then find the equivalent resistance when all the sources are turned off and replaced by their inner resistances (Rab=RN=RTh):
- Independent voltage source is replaced by a short circuit.
- Independent current source is replaced by an open circuit.
4. If there is a dependent source, to find the Norton equivalent resistance we can use:
5. In order to find the Voc at terminal a-b, make that terminal open circuit and find the voltage across that terminal (Vab=Voc).
6. Redraw the Norton equivalent circuit consisting of the Norton equivalent current source, Norton equivalent resistance, and the component we remove in Step.(2).
How to Find Norton Equivalent Circuit
Assume that we have an electrical circuit and we have to find the value of a variable in the circuit. For a start, we are asked to find the Norton equivalent circuit at terminals a-b before everything.
Keep in mind that like Thevenin’s theorem, everything in the circuit will be simplified into an equivalent circuit except the element in question. Let us use a resistor at terminals a-b to make things simpler.
The procedure to find the Norton’s equivalent circuit at terminals a-b is:
- Remove the observed resistor.
- Make the terminals a-b as a short circuit.
- Calculate the short circuit current or Norton current (Isc = IN).
- Replace the voltage source with a short circuit.
- Replace the current source with an open circuit.
- Make the terminals a-b as an open circuit.
- Calculate the equivalent resistance in the circuit (RN).
- Draw the Norton equivalent circuit where IN current source, RN, and the observed resistor all in parallel.
Norton’s Theorem with Independent Sources
1. Find the value of i with Norton’s theorem!
Solution:
Determine the point a-b on R where i is observed. Calculate the isc=IN when R=4Ω is removed:
With mesh analysis:
From loop I1:
From loop I2:
From loop I3:
Substitute Equation.(2) into Equation.(3):
How to find i norton?
The norton current or IN is the current flowing through a short circuit terminal where we remove the resistor. Thus,
Find RN when all of the independent sources are turned off (replaced with their inner resistances), from the perspective of point a-b:
The Norton equivalent resistance is
Norton equivalent circuit:
The value of i is
2. Find the value of V with Norton’s theorem!
Solution:
We remove the 40Ω resistor and make it short-circuit
Find the equivalent resistance of the parallel resistors:
The voltage across terminal a-b is equal to the voltage across the Rp:
Find isc:
Find RN at point a-b
The Norton equivalent resistance is
The Norton equivalent circuit is
Thus
3. Find the value of i with Norton’s theorem!
Solution:
We remove the voltage source:
Find isc
Thus
Turn off all the independent sources to find the RN:
The Norton equivalent resistance RN
The Norton equivalent circuit:
Thus
Norton’s Theorem with Dependent Sources
1. Find the value of i with Norton’s theorem!
Solution:
We remove the observed component
The value of isc:
In order to find RN, we need to find Voc first
The value of Voc is
Hence the Norton equivalent resistance is
The Norton equivalent circuit is
Thus
2. Calculate the norton current for the circuit below!
Solution:
Remove the observed component
Find the isc
Find the RN from Vab when point a-b is open circuit:
The Vab is
The Norton equivalent resistance, RN
The Norton equivalent circuit:
Thus,
3. Find the voltage value V with Norton’s theorem!
Solution:
Remove the observe component
Find isc
Find the Vab
Thus
Hence the Norton equivalent resistance
The Norton equivalent circuit
Thus
Norton’s Theorem Problems with Solutions
We can observe the Norton theorem examples with solutions below:
1. Redraw the circuit below into its Norton equivalent circuit at terminals a-b.
Solution:
Replace all the independent sources with their inner resistances.
From this circuit we will get Norton resistance
In order to find the Norton current IN, we make terminal a-b short circuit as shown in circuit below,
We ignore the 5Ω resistor because it is parallel with a short circuit. Using mesh analysis, we get
From equations we obtained above, we get
Because Norton is equivalent to Thevenin, we can get Norton current IN from VTh/RTh. We can get VTh if we open circuit the terminal a-b as shown below.
Using mesh analysis, we get
And
Thus
The Norton equivalent circuit is
2. Find Norton resistance RN and Norton current IN using Norton’s theorem from the circuit below at terminal a-b.
Solution:
We replace the independent voltage source with short circuit and connect terminal a-b with voltage source vo = 1 V as shown below,
Ignore the 4Ω resistor because it is in parallel with a short circuit. Hence voltage source vo, dependent current source, and 5Ω resistor are in parallel. Thus, ix = 0.
From node a,
And
In order to get Norton equivalent current IN, we make terminal a-b short circuit to find the current isc as shown below
From the circuit above all the components are in parallel. Thus,
At node a, use KCL
Hence,